Encyclopedia of new Religious movements edited by Peter B. Clarke provides a truly engaging and authentic view of the emerging Religious movements on a background of the universe. This encyclopedia, containing 428 articles from leading academics, studies the remarkable examples of Religious movements emerging in each continent. Clarke as an editor has written a higher income as "New Religions as a global phenomenon", a "Resource guide of NRM" and a useful article entitled "Typology of new religions" in this encyclopedia. This encyclopedia is a leading, research, updating, important, and valuable reference for academic libraries. However, the encyclopedia suffers from some disadvantages, among which we can refer to apparent contradictions in Index, the incidence of historical errors, print, etc., in its context and putting NRM identified with the Cults, sects, and counter-culture groups

This paper argues that it is not reasonable for a critical rationalist to be a Religious believer in the Abrahamic tradition. The argument is distinctive, in that it takes seriously the critical rationalist view that we should abandon ‘justificationist’ argument. What this means, is that the structure of argument then becomes a matter of offering theories as resolutions of problems, and then judging how they fare in the face of ongoing critical appraisal. The paper surveys issues in several areas, including God and what is good; homosexuality; mysticism; and messianic ideas. It argues that, unless the believer engages in intellectual retreat (something that is unacceptable for the critical rationalist), the problem-situation facing the believer appears to be so daunting that it would be unreasonable for them to hope that they can overcome it.

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the role of ethical patience (transcendence, tolerance, persistence, consent and delay) as Religious Structures in predicting academic procrastination among students.Method: Methods of this descriptive study is correlational. Participants included 250 university students (110females and 140 males) who were selected from Shiraz University using random cluster sampling and academic procrastination Questionnaire and patience components scale responded. The reliability of the research instruments is determined by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and their validity is determined by internal correlation. The results indicated acceptable reliability and validity of the instruments.Results: The results of the structural equation modeling using AMOS software components of the patience showed that a significant predictor of academic procrastination was negative.Conclusion: The author of the research concluded the impact of ethical Religious Structures patience on negligence students. So patience education programs for students can reduce their negligence.

The Qur'an contains Religious values ​​for the advancement of man to happiness. The claim is that Quranic teachings are the basis of Religious values; By choosing it better, the method of proving Religious beliefs can be extracted. This research tries to extract the method of proving Religious beliefs with a business approach and by using artistic forms with a descriptive and analytical method and with a better selection of Quranic teachings. Based on the verses, the process was defined as the introduction to the institutionalization of Religious values ​​in the businessman 1- Gaining self-knowledge (knowing the talents, capacities, existential dimensions and position of man in the universe); 2- Gaining monotheistic insight (knowing the origin and your relationship with the Creator); 3- Reciprocity is (knowing the destination and drawing the path of happiness in the universe). After the realization of these three stages, the beliefs must be proven through rational and scientific reasoning and penetrate, in this case, the acceptance of good qualities in the businessman will be facilitated.

This study focuses on the investigation of intelligent form-finding and vibration analysis of a triangular polyhedral tensegrity that is enclosed within a sphere and subjected to external loads. The nonlinear dynamic equations of the system are derived using the Lagrangian approach and the finite element method. The proposed form-finding approach, which is based on a basic genetic algorithm, can determine regular or irregular tensegrity shapes without dimensional constraints. Stable tensegrity Structures are generated from random configurations and based on defined constraints (nodes located on the sphere, parallelism, and area of upper and lower surfaces), and shape finding is performed using the fitness function of the genetic algorithm and multi-objective optimization goals. The genetic algorithm's efficacy in determining the shape of Structures with unpredictable configurations is evaluated in two distinct scenarios: one involving a known connection matrix and the other involving fixed or random member positions (struts and cables). The shapes obtained from the algorithm suggested in this study are validated using the force density approach, and their vibration characteristics are examined. The findings of the comparative study demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology in determining the vibrational behavior of tensegrity Structures through the utilization of intelligent shape seeking techniques.

The enthronement of Mohammad Shah Qajar promised Nematollahi Sufis the end of difficulties they experienced during the reign of Fath'ali Shah and their problems in Iran. Kowsaralishahis and Mastalishahis, as two branches of this doctrine, each tried to benefit a better position in those situations. The quality of theoretical and practical operation of these two branches of Nematollahi doctrine to reach a suitable socio-political position and the way they selected to remove the theoretical and practical barriers is the main issue of present research. The results, obtaind on the basis of historical and doctrinal sources, show that Kowsaralishahis didn't try to change the Religious and political Structures despite the existing conditions. But Mastalishahis had accomplished some inconclusive theoretical and practical actions to reach this important aim.

Throughout various historical periods, human societies have observed Religious Structures as significant cultural artifacts, which have endured as objective representations. This heritage, while being respectable for every nation and the followers of every religion, through the continuation and repetition of traditions and beliefs, is instructive and opens the way for other nations to find the culture of that nation. Several factors affect the formation of the architectural body of these buildings, the knowledge of which can help in the architectural design of contemporary identity-giving buildings. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and analyze the architecture of Qajar period Religious buildings in Mazandaran and Gilan, to understand the causes of the formation of the architecture of these two types of buildings, with physical differences that can be generalized to all the Religious buildings of this region studied.The current research is descriptive and content analysis in nature. The method of collecting information is documentary and field so the most important tools for collection are library sources such as documents of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and field observation of the tombs of Mazandaran and the tombs of Gilan. is to identify and determine their general characteristics and design patterns. Statistical community, Qajar period ritual building in the northern region of the country; They include the Blessed tombs of Gilan Province and Saqanfars of Mazandaran Province. The samples were selected and analyzed based on the architectural characteristics. The statistical population of historical monuments of Gilan and Saqanfar of Mazandaran is four each; These buildings include 4 Saqanfar Kijatakiyeh, Ledar, Firouzjah, and Hamza-Kala-Shesh-Pol in Mazandaran and 4 mausoleums of Agha Sayyed Mohammad Yemeni, Chaharpadshah, Seyyed Musa Ibn-e Jaafar (AS), and Nasir Ali Kia Ibn-e Imam Musa Al Kazem (AS) in Gilan. The required information has been collected in documentary and field form and described and analyzed in a comparative context. The findings of the research indicate that the climate and consequently the native architecture of the region is the most important factor shaping the architecture of these two types of buildings. In the selection, it has been tried to ensure that the buildings are standing and are chosen with architectural differences so that they can be generalized to all the Religious buildings of this region in the Qajar period.In this research, the architecture of Qajar period Religious buildings in Mazandaran and Gilan, including four tombs and four Saqanfar, was investigated and analyzed to find the causes of their formation from the perspective of architectural features. For this purpose, the influence of history, climate, and ritual issues were investigated. In terms of historical period; The time frame of the creation of the paintings that were carved on the surface of the walls of the tombs of Gilan and the top of the wooden boards of the Saqanfars of Mazandaran, and the architecture of these two types of buildings were both during the Qajar period. The architecture of this period is derived from both Western and ancient Iranian architecture, indicating the absence of a specific architectural style in the buildings of this period, except for government buildings and palaces.From a local perspective, the Saqanfars were constructed in the Mazandaran region, and the tombs were built in the Gilan region. When examining the local architecture, it is evident that the climatic conditions, customs, and specific beliefs of each region have influenced the architecture of these two types. The influence of Religious beliefs is evident in the shrines and monuments built by humans to fulfill their Religious duties. The harmony of the facial, bodily, and structural aspects of the building in these regions can be understood in relation to the customs and Religious beliefs of the local people through these two building types.These types of buildings act as the identity card of the ethnicity and cultural identity of the people of that region, and sometimes in its formation, economic and social relations with the natural environment and cultural symbols, rituals, and beliefs of the people of the region are reflected. According to the analysis and investigation of the main factors of the use of each of the architectural elements in these two buildings, it can be said that the structural differences between these two types of Religious buildings are caused by the context in which these two types of buildings are built. Climate is the most significant reason for the difference in the architecture of these two types of buildings, and religion is second in importance.

In its true sense, the square is a vast open space that usually has a direct impact on public gatherings and the political-social Structures of society. To understand the concept of urban spaces in European cities, one should look for the concept of Agora in ancient Greece, which played an important role in regulating the relations of various urban institutions such as religion, politics, society, and commerce in the cities of that period. Its important historical period in the evolution of the squares of the 11th and 12th centuries in Italy should be known as being formed on the basis of Roman forms. In this period, these public spaces were formed by the monopoly of the aristocracy and the church, which had the direct effect of the institution of power on It shows the Structures of the square in its essence, but gradually with the formation of the government, the power of the aristocracy and the church decreased and public places and squares were formed for the people as a social institution structure, the court, city council offices and markets were built next to them. have democratized the role of European squares, in the following centuries, new cities appeared in which squares with various uses played a major role in their formation. Parallel to these spaces in Greek and Roman cities, in Iran, there have been spatial hierarchies for citizens in different eras. Taking the political institutions of the squares has been a center for displaying the power of kings and rulers. The main purpose of this research is the institutional comparison between Iranian (Seljukian, Timurian, Safavid) and Italian (Baroque, Renaissance, Gothic) squares between the 12th and 18th centuries, and this comparison is between 11 examples of the most important and prominent squares. has been done, this research seeks to answer the question that (what are the institutional differences and similarities between Iranian and European fields? ) Also, the theoretical model and the main framework of the research have been extracted based on documentary studies, which are the main theoretical body It includes economic, local, Religious, social, and political institutions (political with emphasis on the benefit of the people, political with emphasis on the power of the king) and based on that, the fields have been compared. The results and findings of the research show the presence of an element of religion in a common and effective way in Iranian (mosque) and Italian (church) squares, European squares had a strong commercial role during the Renaissance, and local institutions were also an effective element and Such Iranian squares have had a political role (with an emphasis on the power of the king), while European squares have shown the presence of political institutions (political with an emphasis on the benefit of the people) and the. importance of civil society and citizens.

In modern times many militant atheist thinkers and activists have tried to promote the idea that religions, as well as Religious ways of life, are one of the main, if not the main source of evil in the social arena. Some other non-believer scholars, while taking a respectful approach towards religions and Religious people, maintaining that it is more rational for people and communities to adopt a non-Religious outlook on life and become members of the community of non-believers. In this paper, I do not take issue with the militant non-believers. The reason is that their approach to religion is so ideologically driven that it leaves not much room for proper rational discussions; it only invites some polemical replies. My aim here is, instead, to enter into a dialogue with those non-believer scholars who view religion in a measured and rational way. My intention is to critically assess the claims of this latter group of scholars and explain why, contrary to what they suggest, certain interpretations of religion, and in particular, the Islamic faith, can provide them with better alternatives than their atheist outlooks. The arguments of this paper are mostly in reply to the views expressed by Professor Shearmur in his paper on critical rationalism and religion.

Four important ways of Religious education in the field of beliefs are inferred in this article through the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. We have examined two categories of “nature of religion” and “methods of Religious education” for this purpose. All verses including the root of “د ـ ی ـ ن” (religion) have been investigated in order to properly understand the nature of religion in the Holy Quran. Then, we have benefited from the inference method to find the ways of Religious education in the Holy Quran. In the inferential method, we have reached the “conclusion”, which is the method of Religious education by using two premises, “normative” and “realistic”. The solutions of the Holy Quran to achieve the methods of Religious education are explained in the following. For example, using the Scriptures directly to know the right actions is one of the solutions of the Holy Quran to reach the way of believing in the punishment of deeds. The achievement of Religious education methods through discovering the nature of religion and explaining the purpose of education on the one hand and using the inferential method as a research method on the other hand is one of the innovations of this research. The achievements of this paper can be used to provide an educational theoretical model for formal and public education system.